Manaʻo ʻia no ka adsorption pono ʻana o nā molekala kikoʻī i loko o nā wai a me nā kinoea, a no ka wehe pono ʻana i ka turbidity semi-colloidal maikaʻi loa.
● Ka nui o ke kahe ʻana ma ke ʻano kūpono
● Ka mana omo ikaika
● Ma ka liʻiliʻi he 50% o ka nui o ke kalapona i hoʻāla ʻia

● Ka wehewehe ʻana o nā ʻāpana o nā hoʻokuʻu lepo, o ka serum mik, o nā hopena starch a me nā hopena i loaʻa ke kō ma mua o ka polarimetry a me ka refractometry
●Hoʻomaʻemaʻe ea e omo i ka iodine 131
● Kānana ʻana i nā hopena electroplating
| Papa | Nā Waiwai | Kānana Herzberg (s) | Kaumaha (g/m²) | Mānoanoa (mm) |
| 900 | waena | 360 | 170 | 0.38 |